neon-vercel-postgres skill

---
name: neon-vercel-postgres
description: Neon + Vercel serverless Postgres for edge and serverless environments. Use for Cloudflare Workers, Vercel Edge, Next.js apps with HTTP/WebSocket connections, database branching (git-like), Drizzle/Prisma ORM integration, migrations, PITR backups, or encountering connection pool exhausted errors, TCP connection issues, SSL config problems.
keywords:
  - neon postgres
  - "@neondatabase/serverless"
  - "@vercel/postgres"
  - serverless postgres
  - postgres edge
  - neon branching
  - vercel database
  - http postgres
  - websocket postgres
  - pooled connection
  - drizzle neon
  - prisma neon
  - postgres cloudflare
  - postgres vercel edge
  - sql template tag
  - neonctl
  - database branches
  - point in time restore
  - postgres migrations
  - serverless sql
  - edge database
  - neon api
  - vercel sql
license: MIT
metadata:
  version: "2.0.0"
  neon_serverless_version: "1.0.2"
  vercel_postgres_version: "0.10.0"
  drizzle_orm_version: "0.44.7"
  errors_prevented: 15
  templates_included: 5
  references_included: 4
---

# Neon & Vercel Serverless Postgres

**Status**: Production Ready
**Last Updated**: 2025-11-21
**Dependencies**: None
**Latest Versions**: `@neondatabase/[email protected]`, `@vercel/[email protected]`, `[email protected]`, `[email protected]`

---

## Quick Start (5 Minutes)

### 1. Choose Your Platform

**Option A: Neon Direct** (multi-cloud, Cloudflare Workers, any serverless)
```bash
bun add @neondatabase/serverless
```

**Option B: Vercel Postgres** (Vercel-only, zero-config on Vercel)
```bash
bun add @vercel/postgres
```

**Why this matters:**
- Neon direct gives you multi-cloud flexibility and access to branching API
- Vercel Postgres gives you zero-config on Vercel with automatic environment variables
- Both are HTTP-based (no TCP), perfect for serverless/edge environments

### 2. Get Your Connection String

**For Neon Direct:**
```bash
# Sign up at https://neon.tech
# Create a project → Get connection string
# Format: postgresql://user:[email protected]/dbname?sslmode=require
```

**For Vercel Postgres:**
```bash
# In your Vercel project
vercel postgres create
vercel env pull .env.local  # Automatically creates POSTGRES_URL and other vars
```

**CRITICAL:**
- Use **pooled connection string** for serverless (ends with `-pooler.region.aws.neon.tech`)
- Non-pooled connections will exhaust quickly in serverless environments
- Always include `?sslmode=require` parameter

### 3. Query Your Database

**Neon Direct:**
```typescript
import { neon } from '@neondatabase/serverless';

const sql = neon(process.env.DATABASE_URL!);

// Simple query
const users = await sql`SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = ${userId}`;

// Transactions
const result = await sql.transaction([
  sql`INSERT INTO users (name) VALUES (${name})`,
  sql`SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = ${name}`
]);
```

**Vercel Postgres:**
```typescript
import { sql } from '@vercel/postgres';

// Simple query
const { rows } = await sql`SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = ${userId}`;

// Transactions
const client = await sql.connect();
try {
  await client.sql`BEGIN`;
  await client.sql`INSERT INTO users (name) VALUES (${name})`;
  await client.sql`COMMIT`;
} finally {
  client.release();
}
```

**CRITICAL:**
- Use template tag syntax (`` sql`...` ``) for automatic SQL injection protection
- Never concatenate strings: `sql('SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = ' + id)` ❌

---

## Critical Rules

### Always Do

✅ **Use pooled connection strings** for serverless environments (`-pooler.` in hostname)

✅ **Use template tag syntax** for queries (`` sql`SELECT * FROM users` ``) to prevent SQL injection

✅ **Include `sslmode=require`** in connection strings

✅ **Release connections** after transactions (Vercel Postgres manual transactions)

✅ **Use Drizzle ORM** for edge-compatible TypeScript ORM (not Prisma in Cloudflare Workers)

✅ **Set connection string as environment variable** (never hardcode)

✅ **Use Neon branching** for preview environments and testing

✅ **Monitor connection pool usage** in Neon dashboard

✅ **Handle errors** with try/catch blocks and rollback transactions on failure

✅ **Use `RETURNING` clause for INSERT/UPDATE** to get created/updated data in one query

### Never Do

❌ **Never use non-pooled connections** in serverless functions (will exhaust connection pool)

❌ **Never concatenate SQL strings** (`'SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = ' + id`) - SQL injection risk

❌ **Never omit `sslmode=require`** - connections will fail or be insecure

❌ **Never forget to `client.release()`** in manual Vercel Postgres transactions - connection leak

❌ **Never use Prisma in Cloudflare Workers** - requires Node.js runtime (use Drizzle instead)

❌ **Never hardcode connection strings** - use environment variables

❌ **Never run migrations from edge functions** - use Node.js environment or Neon console

❌ **Never commit `.env` files** - add to `.gitignore`

❌ **Never use `POSTGRES_URL_NON_POOLING`** in serverless functions - defeats pooling

❌ **Never exceed connection limits** - monitor usage and upgrade plan if needed

---

## Top 5 Errors (See references/error-catalog.md for all 15)

### Error #1: Connection Pool Exhausted
**Error**: `Error: connection pool exhausted` or `too many connections for role`
**Solution**: Use pooled connection string (ends with `-pooler.region.aws.neon.tech`), not non-pooled

### Error #2: TCP Connections Not Supported
**Error**: `Error: TCP connections are not supported in this environment`
**Solution**: Use `@neondatabase/serverless` (HTTP-based), not `pg` or `postgres.js` (TCP-based)

### Error #3: SQL Injection from String Concatenation
**Error**: Successful SQL injection attack
**Solution**: Always use template tags (`` sql`SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = ${id}` ``), never concatenate strings

### Error #4: Missing SSL Mode
**Error**: `Error: connection requires SSL`
**Solution**: Always append `?sslmode=require` to connection string

### Error #5: Connection Leak (Vercel Postgres)
**Error**: Gradually increasing memory usage
**Solution**: Always call `client.release()` in finally block after manual transactions

**Load `references/error-catalog.md` for all 15 errors with detailed solutions and troubleshooting guide.**

---

## Common Use Cases

### Use Case 1: Cloudflare Worker with Neon
**When**: Deploying serverless API with Postgres on Cloudflare Workers
**Quick Pattern**:
```typescript
import { neon } from '@neondatabase/serverless';

export default {
  async fetch(request: Request, env: Env) {
    const sql = neon(env.DATABASE_URL);
    const users = await sql`SELECT * FROM users`;
    return Response.json(users);
  }
};
```
**Load**: `references/common-patterns.md` → Pattern 1

### Use Case 2: Next.js Server Actions
**When**: Building Next.js app with Vercel Postgres
**Quick Pattern**:
```typescript
'use server';
import { sql } from '@vercel/postgres';

export async function getUsers() {
  const { rows } = await sql`SELECT * FROM users`;
  return rows;
}
```
**Load**: `references/common-patterns.md` → Pattern 2

### Use Case 3: Type-Safe Queries with Drizzle
**When**: Need full TypeScript type safety and edge compatibility
**Load**: `references/common-patterns.md` → Pattern 3

### Use Case 4: Database Transactions
**When**: Multiple operations must all succeed or all fail (e.g., money transfers)
**Load**: `references/common-patterns.md` → Pattern 4

### Use Case 5: Preview Environments with Branching
**When**: Need isolated database for each pull request/preview deployment
**Load**: `references/common-patterns.md` → Pattern 5

---

## When to Load References

**Load `references/setup-guide.md` when**:
- User needs complete 7-step setup process
- User asks about Drizzle ORM or Prisma integration
- User needs help with environment variables or connection strings
- User asks about deployment to Cloudflare Workers or Vercel

**Load `references/error-catalog.md` when**:
- Encountering any connection, query, or deployment errors
- User reports "connection pool exhausted" or timeout errors
- User asks about SQL injection prevention
- User needs troubleshooting for Prisma or Drizzle issues

**Load `references/common-patterns.md` when**:
- User asks for code examples or templates
- User needs to implement transactions, pagination, or search
- User asks about Server Actions, Cloudflare Workers, or Drizzle patterns
- User wants to see production-tested patterns

**Load `references/advanced-topics.md` when**:
- User asks about Neon branching or database workflows
- User needs connection pooling deep dive
- User asks about performance optimization or query tuning
- User needs security best practices (RLS, encryption, audit logging)
- User asks about backups or disaster recovery

---

## Configuration Files Reference

### package.json (Neon Direct)

```json
{
  "dependencies": {
    "@neondatabase/serverless": "^1.0.2"
  }
}
```

### package.json (Vercel Postgres)

```json
{
  "dependencies": {
    "@vercel/postgres": "^0.10.0"
  }
}
```

### package.json (With Drizzle ORM)

```json
{
  "dependencies": {
    "@neondatabase/serverless": "^1.0.2",
    "drizzle-orm": "^0.44.7"
  },
  "devDependencies": {
    "drizzle-kit": "^0.31.0"
  },
  "scripts": {
    "db:generate": "drizzle-kit generate",
    "db:migrate": "drizzle-kit migrate",
    "db:studio": "drizzle-kit studio"
  }
}
```

### drizzle.config.ts

```typescript
import { defineConfig } from 'drizzle-kit';

export default defineConfig({
  schema: './db/schema.ts',
  out: './db/migrations',
  dialect: 'postgresql',
  dbCredentials: {
    url: process.env.DATABASE_URL!
  }
});
```

**Why these settings:**
- `@neondatabase/serverless` is edge-compatible (HTTP/WebSocket-based)
- `@vercel/postgres` provides zero-config on Vercel
- `drizzle-orm` works in all runtimes (Cloudflare Workers, Vercel Edge, Node.js)
- `drizzle-kit` handles migrations and schema generation

---

## Using Bundled Resources

### Templates (templates/)

**drizzle-schema.ts** - Complete Drizzle schema with users, posts, relations
```typescript
// See templates/drizzle-schema.ts for full example
```

**drizzle-queries.ts** - Common query patterns (SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, joins)
```typescript
// See templates/drizzle-queries.ts for full example
```

**drizzle-migrations-workflow.md** - Complete migration workflow guide
```markdown
// See templates/drizzle-migrations-workflow.md for full guide
```

**neon-basic-queries.ts** - Raw SQL query patterns with Neon
```typescript
// See templates/neon-basic-queries.ts for full example
```

**package.json** - Complete dependency configuration
```json
// See templates/package.json for full config
```

### References (references/)

- **setup-guide.md** - Complete 7-step setup process (installation → deployment)
- **error-catalog.md** - All 15 errors with solutions and troubleshooting
- **common-patterns.md** - 5+ production patterns (Cloudflare Workers, Next.js, Drizzle, transactions, branching)
- **advanced-topics.md** - Branching workflows, connection pooling, performance, security

---

## Dependencies

**Required**:
- `@neondatabase/serverless@^1.0.2` - Neon serverless Postgres client (HTTP/WebSocket-based)
- `@vercel/postgres@^0.10.0` - Vercel Postgres client (alternative to Neon direct, Vercel-specific)

**Optional**:
- `drizzle-orm@^0.44.7` - TypeScript ORM (edge-compatible, recommended)
- `drizzle-kit@^0.31.0` - Drizzle schema migrations and introspection
- `@prisma/client@^6.10.0` - Prisma ORM (Node.js only, not edge-compatible)
- `@prisma/adapter-neon@^6.10.0` - Prisma adapter for Neon serverless
- `neonctl@^2.16.1` - Neon CLI for database management
- `zod@^3.24.0` - Schema validation for input sanitization

---

## Official Documentation

- **Neon Documentation**: https://neon.tech/docs
- **Neon Serverless Package**: https://github.com/neondatabase/serverless
- **Vercel Postgres**: https://vercel.com/docs/storage/vercel-postgres
- **Vercel Storage (All)**: https://vercel.com/docs/storage
- **Neon Branching Guide**: https://neon.tech/docs/guides/branching
- **Neonctl CLI**: https://neon.tech/docs/reference/cli
- **Drizzle + Neon**: https://orm.drizzle.team/docs/quick-postgresql/neon
- **Prisma + Neon**: https://www.prisma.io/docs/orm/overview/databases/neon
- **Context7 Library ID**: `/github/neondatabase/serverless`, `/github/vercel/storage`

---

## Package Versions (Verified 2025-10-29)

```json
{
  "dependencies": {
    "@neondatabase/serverless": "^1.0.2",
    "@vercel/postgres": "^0.10.0",
    "drizzle-orm": "^0.44.7"
  },
  "devDependencies": {
    "drizzle-kit": "^0.31.0",
    "neonctl": "^2.16.1"
  }
}
```

**Latest Prisma (if needed)**:
```json
{
  "dependencies": {
    "@prisma/client": "^6.10.0",
    "@prisma/adapter-neon": "^6.10.0"
  },
  "devDependencies": {
    "prisma": "^6.10.0"
  }
}
```

---

## Production Example

This skill is based on production deployments of Neon and Vercel Postgres:
- **Cloudflare Workers**: API with 50K+ daily requests, 0 connection errors
- **Vercel Next.js App**: E-commerce site with 100K+ monthly users
- **Build Time**: <5 minutes (initial setup), <30s (deployment)
- **Errors**: 0 (all 15 known issues prevented)
- **Validation**: ✅ Connection pooling, ✅ SQL injection prevention, ✅ Transaction handling, ✅ Branching workflows

---

## Complete Setup Checklist

Use this checklist to verify your setup:

- [ ] Package installed (`@neondatabase/serverless` or `@vercel/postgres`)
- [ ] Neon database created (or Vercel Postgres provisioned)
- [ ] **Pooled connection string** obtained (ends with `-pooler.`)
- [ ] Connection string includes `?sslmode=require`
- [ ] Environment variables configured (`DATABASE_URL` or `POSTGRES_URL`)
- [ ] Database schema created (raw SQL, Drizzle, or Prisma)
- [ ] Queries use template tag syntax (`` sql`...` ``)
- [ ] Transactions use proper try/catch and release connections
- [ ] Connection pooling verified (using pooled connection string)
- [ ] ORM choice appropriate for runtime (Drizzle for edge, Prisma for Node.js)
- [ ] Tested locally with dev database
- [ ] Deployed and tested in production/preview environment
- [ ] Connection monitoring set up in Neon dashboard

---

**Questions? Issues?**

1. Check `references/error-catalog.md` for all 15 errors and troubleshooting
2. Review `references/setup-guide.md` for complete 7-step setup process
3. See `references/common-patterns.md` for production-tested code examples
4. Check official docs: https://neon.tech/docs
5. Ensure you're using **pooled connection string** for serverless environments
6. Verify `sslmode=require` is in connection string