add-app-to-server skill

---
name: add-app-to-server
description: This skill should be used when the user asks to "add an app to my MCP server", "add UI to my MCP server", "add a view to my MCP tool", "enrich MCP tools with UI", "add interactive UI to existing server", "add MCP Apps to my server", or needs to add interactive UI capabilities to an existing MCP server that already has tools. Provides guidance for analyzing existing tools and adding MCP Apps UI resources.
---

# Add UI to MCP Server

Enrich an existing MCP server's tools with interactive UIs using the MCP Apps SDK (`@modelcontextprotocol/ext-apps`).

## How It Works

Existing tools get paired with HTML resources that render inline in the host's conversation. The tool continues to work for text-only clients — UI is an enhancement, not a replacement. Each tool that benefits from UI gets linked to a resource via `_meta.ui.resourceUri`, and the host renders that resource in a sandboxed iframe when the tool is called.

## Getting Reference Code

Clone the SDK repository for working examples and API documentation:

```bash
git clone --branch "v$(npm view @modelcontextprotocol/ext-apps version)" --depth 1 https://github.com/modelcontextprotocol/ext-apps.git /tmp/mcp-ext-apps
```

### API Reference (Source Files)

Read JSDoc documentation directly from `/tmp/mcp-ext-apps/src/`:

| File | Contents |
|------|----------|
| `src/app.ts` | `App` class, handlers (`ontoolinput`, `ontoolresult`, `onhostcontextchanged`, `onteardown`), lifecycle |
| `src/server/index.ts` | `registerAppTool`, `registerAppResource`, `getUiCapability`, tool visibility options |
| `src/spec.types.ts` | All type definitions: `McpUiHostContext`, CSS variable keys, display modes |
| `src/styles.ts` | `applyDocumentTheme`, `applyHostStyleVariables`, `applyHostFonts` |
| `src/react/useApp.tsx` | `useApp` hook for React apps |
| `src/react/useHostStyles.ts` | `useHostStyles`, `useHostStyleVariables`, `useHostFonts` hooks |

### Key Examples (Mixed Tool Patterns)

These examples demonstrate servers with both App-enhanced and plain tools — the exact pattern you're adding:

| Example | Pattern |
|---------|---------|
| `examples/map-server/` | `show-map` (App tool) + `geocode` (plain tool) |
| `examples/pdf-server/` | `display_pdf` (App tool) + `list_pdfs` (plain tool) + `read_pdf_bytes` (app-only tool) |
| `examples/system-monitor-server/` | `get-system-info` (App tool) + `poll-system-stats` (app-only polling tool) |

### Framework Templates

Learn and adapt from `/tmp/mcp-ext-apps/examples/basic-server-{framework}/`:

| Template | Key Files |
|----------|-----------|
| `basic-server-vanillajs/` | `server.ts`, `src/mcp-app.ts`, `mcp-app.html` |
| `basic-server-react/` | `server.ts`, `src/mcp-app.tsx` (uses `useApp` hook) |
| `basic-server-vue/` | `server.ts`, `src/App.vue` |
| `basic-server-svelte/` | `server.ts`, `src/App.svelte` |
| `basic-server-preact/` | `server.ts`, `src/mcp-app.tsx` |
| `basic-server-solid/` | `server.ts`, `src/mcp-app.tsx` |

## Step 1: Analyze Existing Tools

Before writing any code, analyze the server's existing tools and determine which ones benefit from UI.

1. Read the server source and list all registered tools
2. For each tool, assess whether it would benefit from UI (returns data that could be visualized, involves user interaction, etc.) vs. is fine as text-only (simple lookups, utility functions)
3. Identify tools that could become **app-only helpers** (data the UI needs to poll/fetch but the model doesn't need to call directly)
4. Present the analysis to the user and confirm which tools to enhance

### Decision Framework

| Tool output type | UI benefit | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Structured data / lists / tables | High — interactive table, search, filtering | List of items, search results |
| Metrics / numbers over time | High — charts, gauges, dashboards | System stats, analytics |
| Media / rich content | High — viewer, player, renderer | Maps, PDFs, images, video |
| Simple text / confirmations | Low — text is fine | "File created", "Setting updated" |
| Data for other tools | Consider app-only | Polling endpoints, chunk loaders |

## Step 2: Add Dependencies

```bash
npm install @modelcontextprotocol/ext-apps
npm install -D vite vite-plugin-singlefile
```

Plus framework-specific dependencies if needed (e.g., `react`, `react-dom`, `@vitejs/plugin-react` for React).

Use `npm install` to add dependencies rather than manually writing version numbers. This lets npm resolve the latest compatible versions. Never specify version numbers from memory.

## Step 3: Set Up the Build Pipeline

### Vite Configuration

Create `vite.config.ts` with `vite-plugin-singlefile` to bundle the UI into a single HTML file:

```typescript
import { defineConfig } from "vite";
import { viteSingleFile } from "vite-plugin-singlefile";

export default defineConfig({
  plugins: [viteSingleFile()],
  build: {
    outDir: "dist",
    rollupOptions: {
      input: "mcp-app.html", // one per UI, or one shared entry
    },
  },
});
```

### HTML Entry Point

Create `mcp-app.html` (or one per distinct UI if tools need different views):

```html
<!doctype html>
<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8" />
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
    <title>MCP App</title>
  </head>
  <body>
    <div id="root"></div>
    <script type="module" src="./src/mcp-app.ts"></script>
  </body>
</html>
```

### Build Scripts

Add build scripts to `package.json`. The UI must be built before the server code bundles it:

```json
{
  "scripts": {
    "build:ui": "vite build",
    "build:server": "tsc",
    "build": "npm run build:ui && npm run build:server",
    "serve": "tsx server.ts"
  }
}
```

## Step 4: Convert Tools to App Tools

Transform plain MCP tools into App tools with UI.

**Before** (plain MCP tool):
```typescript
server.tool("my-tool", { param: z.string() }, async (args) => {
  const data = await fetchData(args.param);
  return { content: [{ type: "text", text: JSON.stringify(data) }] };
});
```

**After** (App tool with UI):
```typescript
import { registerAppTool, registerAppResource, RESOURCE_MIME_TYPE } from "@modelcontextprotocol/ext-apps/server";

const resourceUri = "ui://my-tool/mcp-app.html";

registerAppTool(server, "my-tool", {
  description: "Shows data with an interactive UI",
  inputSchema: { param: z.string() },
  _meta: { ui: { resourceUri } },
}, async (args) => {
  const data = await fetchData(args.param);
  return {
    content: [{ type: "text", text: JSON.stringify(data) }],   // text fallback for non-UI hosts
    structuredContent: { data },                                 // structured data for the UI
  };
});
```

Key guidance:
- **Always keep the `content` array** with a text fallback for text-only clients
- Add `structuredContent` for data the UI needs to render
- Link the tool to its resource via `_meta.ui.resourceUri`
- Leave tools that don't benefit from UI unchanged — they stay as plain tools

## Step 5: Register Resources

Register the HTML resource so the host can fetch it:

```typescript
import fs from "node:fs/promises";
import path from "node:path";

const resourceUri = "ui://my-tool/mcp-app.html";

registerAppResource(server, {
  uri: resourceUri,
  name: "My Tool UI",
  mimeType: RESOURCE_MIME_TYPE,
}, async () => {
  const html = await fs.readFile(
    path.resolve(import.meta.dirname, "dist", "mcp-app.html"),
    "utf-8",
  );
  return { contents: [{ uri: resourceUri, mimeType: RESOURCE_MIME_TYPE, text: html }] };
});
```

If multiple tools share the same UI, they can reference the same `resourceUri` and the same resource registration.

## Step 6: Build the UI

### Handler Registration

Register ALL handlers BEFORE calling `app.connect()`:

```typescript
import { App, PostMessageTransport, applyDocumentTheme, applyHostStyleVariables, applyHostFonts } from "@modelcontextprotocol/ext-apps";

const app = new App({ name: "My App", version: "1.0.0" });

app.ontoolinput = (params) => {
  // Render the UI using params.arguments and/or params.structuredContent
};

app.ontoolresult = (result) => {
  // Update UI with final tool result
};

app.onhostcontextchanged = (ctx) => {
  if (ctx.theme) applyDocumentTheme(ctx.theme);
  if (ctx.styles?.variables) applyHostStyleVariables(ctx.styles.variables);
  if (ctx.styles?.css?.fonts) applyHostFonts(ctx.styles.css.fonts);
  if (ctx.safeAreaInsets) {
    const { top, right, bottom, left } = ctx.safeAreaInsets;
    document.body.style.padding = `${top}px ${right}px ${bottom}px ${left}px`;
  }
};

app.onteardown = async () => {
  return {};
};

await app.connect(new PostMessageTransport());
```

### Host Styling

Use host CSS variables for theme integration:

```css
.container {
  background: var(--color-background-secondary);
  color: var(--color-text-primary);
  font-family: var(--font-sans);
  border-radius: var(--border-radius-md);
}
```

Key variable groups: `--color-background-*`, `--color-text-*`, `--color-border-*`, `--font-sans`, `--font-mono`, `--font-text-*-size`, `--font-heading-*-size`, `--border-radius-*`. See `src/spec.types.ts` for the full list.

For React apps, use the `useApp` and `useHostStyles` hooks instead — see `basic-server-react/` for the pattern.

## Optional Enhancements

### App-Only Helper Tools

Tools the UI calls but the model doesn't need to invoke directly (polling, pagination, chunk loading):

```typescript
registerAppTool(server, "poll-data", {
  description: "Polls latest data for the UI",
  _meta: { ui: { resourceUri, visibility: ["app"] } },
}, async () => {
  const data = await getLatestData();
  return { content: [{ type: "text", text: JSON.stringify(data) }] };
});
```

The UI calls these via `app.callServerTool("poll-data", {})`.

### CSP Configuration

If the UI needs to load external resources (fonts, APIs, CDNs), declare the domains:

```typescript
registerAppResource(server, {
  uri: resourceUri,
  name: "My Tool UI",
  mimeType: RESOURCE_MIME_TYPE,
  _meta: {
    ui: {
      connectDomains: ["api.example.com"],      // fetch/XHR targets
      resourceDomains: ["cdn.example.com"],      // scripts, styles, images
      frameDomains: ["embed.example.com"],        // nested iframes
    },
  },
}, async () => { /* ... */ });
```

### Streaming Partial Input

For large tool inputs, show progress during LLM generation:

```typescript
app.ontoolinputpartial = (params) => {
  const args = params.arguments; // Healed partial JSON - always valid
  // Render preview with partial data
};

app.ontoolinput = (params) => {
  // Final complete input - switch to full render
};
```

### Graceful Degradation with `getUiCapability()`

Conditionally register App tools only when the client supports UI, falling back to text-only tools:

```typescript
import { getUiCapability, registerAppTool, RESOURCE_MIME_TYPE } from "@modelcontextprotocol/ext-apps/server";

server.server.oninitialized = () => {
  const clientCapabilities = server.server.getClientCapabilities();
  const uiCap = getUiCapability(clientCapabilities);

  if (uiCap?.mimeTypes?.includes(RESOURCE_MIME_TYPE)) {
    // Client supports UI — register App tool
    registerAppTool(server, "my-tool", {
      description: "Shows data with interactive UI",
      _meta: { ui: { resourceUri } },
    }, appToolHandler);
  } else {
    // Text-only client — register plain tool
    server.tool("my-tool", "Shows data", { param: z.string() }, plainToolHandler);
  }
};
```

### Fullscreen Mode

Allow the UI to expand to fullscreen:

```typescript
app.onhostcontextchanged = (ctx) => {
  if (ctx.availableDisplayModes?.includes("fullscreen")) {
    fullscreenBtn.style.display = "block";
  }
  if (ctx.displayMode) {
    container.classList.toggle("fullscreen", ctx.displayMode === "fullscreen");
  }
};

async function toggleFullscreen() {
  const newMode = currentMode === "fullscreen" ? "inline" : "fullscreen";
  const result = await app.requestDisplayMode({ mode: newMode });
  currentMode = result.mode;
}
```

## Common Mistakes to Avoid

1. **Forgetting text `content` fallback** — Always include `content` array with text for non-UI hosts
2. **Registering handlers after `connect()`** — Register ALL handlers BEFORE calling `app.connect()`
3. **Missing `vite-plugin-singlefile`** — Without it, assets won't load in the sandboxed iframe
4. **Forgetting resource registration** — The tool references a `resourceUri` that must have a matching resource
5. **Hardcoding styles** — Use host CSS variables (`var(--color-*)`) for theme integration
6. **Not handling safe area insets** — Always apply `ctx.safeAreaInsets` in `onhostcontextchanged`

## Testing

### Using basic-host

Test the enhanced server with the basic-host example:

```bash
# Terminal 1: Build and run your server
npm run build && npm run serve

# Terminal 2: Run basic-host (from cloned repo)
cd /tmp/mcp-ext-apps/examples/basic-host
npm install
SERVERS='["http://localhost:3001/mcp"]' npm run start
# Open http://localhost:8080
```

Configure `SERVERS` with a JSON array of your server URLs (default: `http://localhost:3001/mcp`).

### Verify

1. Plain tools still work and return text output
2. App tools render their UI in the iframe
3. `ontoolinput` handler fires with tool arguments
4. `ontoolresult` handler fires with tool result
5. Host styling (theme, fonts, colors) applies correctly